Saint Lucia Water Sector Reform

Summary
Similar technology to agriculture in an ecosystem must be generated. He needs to perfection through specific and adoption. This could be possible through the support of KVK and extent of system testing and development of technology. Thus all the discipline of agricultural reforms need to be improved. Based on an extensive review presented in this document, the following recommendations could be presented to the reform and development of technology generation, dissemination and delivery as a final product agro-pack. (APEP)
1. The base of the discipline of agriculture can be so broad to include all disciplines, tools and management techniques. It is proposed that the name “Rural Business Management. Should be open to all university students, agricultural and derivatives. The curriculum requirements for training and skill up-gradation of technical graduates and postgraduates in the analysis of data, research procedures, marketing, economics, systems of agriculture and rural sociology, etc.
2. capsules as diverse as the Chinese model of reform, African experiences, the Dutch model, the model of the Netherlands model of Isreal, the California model and Iranian models were examined. Based on these models a new model for delivery of appropriate technologies to our agro-economic conditions was called as required and Mohi Model. Upon receipt of the acceptance of the model, the logistics and execution plans could be formulated. Introduction
Four paradigms of agricultural extension is the transfer of technology that has existed since colonial times and later the National Agricultural Extension Project (NAEP), 1970-1980 reformulated training and visit system across Asia. It was top-down approach. Its role must disdcussion. The second paradigm known as the consulting work is what is the current extension system, where government agencies, NGOs and industries meet the technical requirements of the farmers we call advisory role. The third paradigm is the development of human resources. This innovation has helped Europe and North America. The University gave the training of rural youth. These are educated, prepared young farmers in developed countries became future. This is known as proximity to schools and universities is still unknown in our agricultural research system including the State University of Agriculture. Half a heart as an attempt to agro-business Agri-clinic has yet to be supported by universities, research, banking and financial support. And “we can help increase productivity in India or Asia need an account?. The technology adoption and impact
The impact of the National Agricultural Research (NARP) (1986-1992) found that technologies generated were few and the rate of adoption was not high, yet an estimated monetary benefit of Rs. 2000 per hectare was observed.
low relationship between technology and approved capsule technology requires a mixed culture as much as 65% of our peasants are small and marginal farmers. This requires a total change in our methodology is agricultural extension. (Reddy 2001).
T & V program initiated with assistance from the central government, has raised awareness throughout the technology among agriculture experts. The dialogue and transfer of technology from universities (researchers) experts agricultural extension workers revolution was almost complete. L ‘(Zarec) research area of agricultural extension and extension services was the best board to discuss the main problems impeding agricultural development. The publication of the recommendations of missionary production is of great help in the transfer of technology. The presentation of the recommendations of production in the local language is useful for increasing productivity in many countries. (Wani, 2004)
the adoption of technology in the production of eggplant Parbani, Mahrastra was the result of social participation, security risk management, marketing orientation, web information and communication methods. (Dudhak et al 2003).
Transport limitation, extension staff are the reasons for poor productivity increases in the agency Malakhand Pakistan. (Mohamad et al, 2003).
The adoption of production technologies Jhodpur legumes in arid conditions was low. The problems, as indicated by the farmers were small farm size. small business owner was less concerned to adopt these technologies. lack of market and pricing policy, the risk of failure, dietary habits, social taboos and lack of post harvest technology (PHT) were identified. (Yadev et al, 2003).
The proper guidance or support to information was the main obstacle in the adoption of improved wheat crop in Himachal Pradesh. He has contributed to 16. 8% rate of non-adoption among farmers. Other contributing factors are technological ignorance (13. 33%) of the neglected territory (11. 31%), business costs of entry (9. 41%), lack of irrigation (8. 29%) and lack of inputs (7. 95%) (Puran Chand et al, 2001). Social Structure and adoption of technology
Schedule caste farmers in Maharashtra have low levels of technology adoption in rice. Among the 150 farmers who only 12. 6% had elevated rate of adoption (MANKAR et al, 2004). Adoption of the recommendations of cashew production in the district of Maharastra Sindhubrug was 58% (Bhairamkar et al, 2004). Motto extension programs should be more than unreached, teach a teacher-be known to strangers at (Ganesan et al, 2003) (Wani, 1998). Agricultural productivity in Czch Republic increased when information and communication in the extension system has been improved for small farmers (Slavik, 2003).
A survey of 120 farmers in Karnool district, Andhra Pradesh, India, found that education, social participation, scientific guidance, risk management, media exposure, economic and market orientation are positively and significantly correlated with the degree of recommended adoption of hybrid jowar (sorghum) seed practices by farmers. Most farmers (43. 33%) had an average level of adoption of best practices. (Kumar et al, 2005). It suggests that five categories of factors that determine the adoption of irrigation systems and are essential for designing relevant, effective and innovative programs in the irrigation extension horticulturists. The five categories of factors: soil type and topography, the quality of crops, planting, water conservation and crop yields (Beswell and Kaine, 2005). We, J & K in the strategic research agenda contract extension SREP districts to the lack of information on planting time, the price of seed and fertilizer in almost all crops. The treatment of the seeds of awareness of farmers has helped to combat blast (Wani, 2006, 2007). Innovative Change
Methodologies for the analysis of farming systems, options for sustainable development and ecological science, agricultural technology are the needs of the moment. We have specialists in the field, but the agents to assess the compound effect of different disciplines oriented to coverage of technology has not yet been structured. This is exactly where we must intervene and restore discipline, outreach programs and education divisions of the country. A total change, innovation slow down and broke the conventional extension system must be refined analysis system management, social and economic development in the market, so that the transfer of technology, everything can be evaluated in terms of productivity and monetory earnings per hectare. Several models of crops and livestock and combinations should be evaluated and controlled. The analysis of the impact of the wide range of agricultural technology transfer and training, entrepreneurship and agri-food companies is necessary, before and after application of technology.
The research results are available for farmers experiencing agricultural practices. No – adoption is the result of our low productivity per unit of land. Despite the incredible gains in efficiency per unit of return has not raised the economic conditions of our farmers. Our agricultural economy still oscillates between seasonal rainfall years and between regions. Now to spread the benefits of technology is essential to understand its impact and the rate of adoptability. therefore E ‘necessary to develop new technologies, after examining the socio-organizational arrangements, land, local, water, human needs and resources. Local knowledge must be known and refinement is done to improve profitability. Our experience in IVLP showed a marked increase in productivity of 2 q / HAC rice production by improving the local village plow driven. Similar ideas indigenous technology, with improved or exotic good results in the development of profitable agriculture. (Wani, 2004.2003, 2005,2006,2007). reform capsules (i) the Chinese model
China needs proof of experience in our economic conditions. The successful improvement of sheep and herds of yaks in China can be a good example for use in India. Under this project that first took stock of grassland resources and livestock. Thus, the socioeconomic conditions of cattle were tested. Livestock and grazing management of rodents was investigated. Rasngeland Revegatation methods have been tested and propagated. fodder crops and the effect of these improved method of pasture development in the control of the disease and the benefits of cattle were tested. (GEM Wagenin et al, 2001). Therefore, educational outreach programs should facilitate farmer empowerment and dependency grants. This means the incorporation of economics studies and programs of the agro-livestock, land, grass and pasture management, crop and tree production in agriculture extension. (Ii) the model of Africa
A new approach in order to beat local knowledge and outside of agriculture is necessary to solve the problem. Innovative approaches to soil conservation and water in Ethiopia and Tanzania have been useful. A new model of participatory development of technological change is fast becoming recognized as the only way to beat the traditional and modern technologies for agro-development. (Wana Kib et al 2000) (iii) the Dutch model
The overall reform of agricultural technology transfer should be used as incremental refinement of methodologies consistent extension PRA, PERT or other specific management, communication and modern Geographic Information System GIS use. This would be a total change in the spread of education, objectives, methodology and curriculum of the course. Agricultural networks need to show the results of technology transfer. the experience of learning and knowledge sharing should be incorporated as farmers field research. Farmers should be part of our process of learning and experimentation. Dutch model could be used. (Leeuwis, 2000) in India to ensure rapid deployment of technology. We try to evaluate the use of technology. It was found that some farmers have been aware of the technology, but the farmers are absent, their workers do not have the knowledge or skills for use in the field. It s time to leave the scene of “The diffusion of technology” on “state to use technology in the field” and “productivity assessment revenue models. (Iv) Mohi – Model – (proposed model)
learning experience, the project market, agricultural economics, sustainable agriculture, agro-information, communication and business skills of the farm must be the bank of knowledge available to Agri-Extension and communication experts, that we name of “BMF” – “Farm business management experts. Extension Education is outdated and is also oftenly and misunderstood phrase. Extension now includes any attempt to communicate with farmers. Today, extension agents may be academic researchers, experts, experts Agri Agri farmers or partially known, including non-governmental organizations or their agents. Therefore, the blame should be shared by other experts from academia. Agriculture University, applied knowledge must be communicated to farmers as “end product”, as do the pharmaceutical companies. So the whole current “building blocks”, the knowledge must be known and stored information. This has to be reformulated and reorganized packages innovative knowledge for agriculture and capsules whole rather than an exchange of knowledge of raw materials, and the West. We commodities, but not agriculture bundle. A brochure for compound effects of broad-based translation extension Education (Wani, 1992).
Training demonstrations and visits to the farm level, but not farmers and farmer participation, research or field, farmers have been very successful. With the limitations of men and resources and crop insurance in vogue, we encourage researchers have carried out door the farmer participatory research in their fields. This risk can be based on cost sharing basis or with the participatory involvement of Productive Activities. (Samet, the model of Kashmir is concerned). EECM Proc XXI, 2008. New approaches
insect pest management research could be an example. Some results are encouraging FAO program (Matteson, 2000). Research on Rice IPM farmers must integrate training of farmers. new procedures for pest management must be tested in the field of farmers. minimal use of pesticides and application of eco-friendly is preferred. (Matteson, 2000).
The problems and limitations of technology transfer in India have been reported (Bairathi, 1998). Similarly, the biogas technology for use or adoption has been full of detailed restrictions. (Prasad and Singh, 1999), these range from technology, style, financial, administrative and creative. The right equipment and training in the operation of these bio-gas technology is necessary.
A network of web development information to help farmers improve their incomes through training and advice for technology transfer is a participatory mechanism for possible improvement in agriculture productivity. (Warren, 2003) Netherlands Model
In search of knowledge has led farmers to have a Dutch association for organic agricultural production. The association has carried out its own agricultural research and shared his experiences with members of another farmer in 1980. He soon felt that they lacked experience experimental details. Govt Agricultural Research Organization arrived and began working with them. The station was sent to assist the development of agricultural systems in the area called polders in the Netherlands town of Nagaland. This combination of research and farming practices in farmers field tested several combinations of crops and rotations. The use of nitrogen-fixing crops (legumes) for the maintenance of soil fertility and strategic management of pests and diseases, extend or delay the planting of various crops, so some experience of low weed-crop production by ‘adoption of agronomic practices such as harrowing and regulate land use cover crops were tried. Lobbyists for farmers and the need to own to participate in research experiments AA / ICAR and other organizations and institutions KVK (Reinders, 2007). This was both a demonstration and adoption of value. It would also be near a convenient model fieldwork (PFRM).
horizontal contacts farmer farmer support the spread of agricultural information. This horizontal expansion of the information in a vegetable grower to another Suden. (Badri, 2001) has contributed to the adoption of technology.
Mass media support for the production of rice has been of great help in Bihar. The five television interviews, 75% of farmers have benefited and have increased production of disease and damage low. (1taque, 2000) have reported similar observations in J & K. (Wani, 2006). The electronic dissemination of knowledge technologies in the fields of farmer has been useful, the local language and local people can spread ideas and disseminate information and faster communication. It is proposed to divide the innovative knowledge for women farmers through local women (Rani and Reddy, 2002). Farm – raising awareness of women Module
Most farmers who grow rice in the Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh has extended personal contacts, electronic or print media information. continuous information on the media have an important impact on consumption of seeds, the time of transplantation and application of nitrogen fertilizer in rice (Thusoo and Sohi, 2000). A gap in the knowledge of farmers as a fertilizer application rate is concerned (Yadav and Singh, 2000).
adoption rate of rural women for use of agricultural equipment was good when using these tools were demonstrated to them. (Sharma et al 2003).
rural women had agricultural tools to use for a fortnight. Most are 78% and 77% viable device. (Sharma and Sharma, 2002). The research information to farmers through the extension was discussed. The internal communication system aids in the dissemination of the technology of milk producers in Iran (Rezvanfer, 2001). Rice growing awareness when women farmers were trained (and Mahendram Rama Krishnan, 2003). Agricultural Knowledge and Information System for greater economic efficiency of agricultural production, off-set the costs, and maintenance of social and income generation (Carrasco et al, 2003). Brief Extension – Self-Help Options (SHO)
Small farmers are neglected by extension services and require adequate knowledge of Kurram (Haq et al 2004). agricultural extension specialists to specialize in community structure, development, education, learning tools, technology and policy issues. Thus, these subjects or themes that require the inclusion in the plans of Rural Business Management.
partnership process, management and communication should be the main objective. cooperation mechanism, economics and business management tools for the evaluation and monitoring should be used.
seed production program has been implemented successfully by the farm, as self-help women in Dindigul district of Tamil Nadu (Thamizoli and Balasubramanian, 2003). Efficiency of extension is in the bottom-up approach, in mountainous areas. attention of the farmers of the most successful interest group (Muhammad Zafarullah, 2003). Small scale agricultural operations with green manure cover improving soil fertility. system helped spread the adoption of participative technologies in Uganda. (Miiro et al, 2002).
training of farmers and their own information networks help small farmers. Issues such as community involvement, multicultural international projects, leadership, learning strategies, new tools and technologies, program volunteers, development and evaluation, public policy issues, youth associations and educational needs in agriculture introduction plans extension study (as now proposed Farm Business Management). Agriculture, natural resources and health and nutrition is the foundation of the new extension of agro-farm business (Logan, 2004). The extension word is replaced by “Farm Business Management. Administrative bottlenecks
While the Nusa Tenggara Timur provience is probably a consequence of the model of training and visit agricultural extension agents are trained very little. Other major barriers identified include continued restructuring of the Department of Agriculture, low wages, oppressive authority, inadequate infrastructure, jobs to clear, geographical conditions and bureaucracy. (Leta et al, 2005). This is why low-technological revolution in rural India and in Asia can be addressed by the system’s transparency, NAR, they have to change the name of the utility of national research farm and delivery system.
The combination of biophysical science with social science, can increase the impact of the results of the biophysical sciences at the farm (Linehan et al, 2005). Isreal Model
SAU extension staff can be seen in the role of Pau, who needs a complete overhaul. We try to Isreal model. Israel is characterized by topographical variations and a wide variety of soils, allowing the cultivation and harvesting of a variety of crops and animals. A strong increase in population after 1948, requiring a rapid increase in food production, followed by the development of research and extension facilities and services. In recent years, Isreal, like many other countries, has struggled to continue providing the level of services previously provided. This difficulty has led to agricultural organizations to begin taking responsibility for funding part of the area for several years, and then to try to take into account the cost to farmers. Farmers are apparently willing to pay for extended visits in the company. With this system, the Board of flowers and many activities to expand public financing and charging for the cost of visits of farmers separated. This system works successfully, aided by the reports that are sent electronically by staff throughout the Department of Floriculture in Isreal, and the Central Board of the Flower. The advantages of the new system are: a huge increase in the commitment of agents to farmer, professional staff is at least as before, and the financial situation of the majority of agents is better than before. The disadvantage is that some farmers are as they eat less than before. (Wolpson, 2005) global extent of the success stories of the California model
California land grant Progammable extension has been successful in helping industries develop as the leading agricultural producers in the world. Extension has been a leader in providing quality of life and economic improvements for rural communities throughout the state. However, the population explosion has turned into an urban California, changing social issues, values and priorities. agricultural extension programs will continue to directly serve a shrinking number of customers representing less than 1. 5% of the population. Financial support for enlargement is in decline nationally and the State, as the models used in AA can be devastating and changing needs. Iranian model
Iran is one of the ten largest producers of horticulture world. However, post-harvest losses in Iran is six times the world average. Even after establishing an agricultural extension service, Iran still has major problems in reducing post-harvest losses (Jowkar, 2005). The results showed that education, material possessions, media exposure, contact the extension, the scientific orientation and preference for risk were significantly and positively correlated with the level of knowledge of farmers and undergraduate and postgraduate training post. (Malito et al, 2005. Problems
agricultural development programs often produce unexpected results. This can be attributed to the fact that farmers have already directed their knowledge and skills that shape their practices. To be adopted, an innovation should be discussed first, and then by a local group of farmers in their knowledge system and its system of meaning, then the innovation may be rejected or approved by all affected farmers (Mathieu, 2004). Issues
The results also revealed that respondents’ attitudes were significantly and positively related to education, membership in the organization, participation in the area, contact with extension agents, media exposure, socioeconomic status, conscience, income and material possessions. The lack of appropriate skills, lack of irrigation and the high cost of fertilizers and chemicals have been identified as the three most important problems of farm women in agricultural tribes. (Bharali et al, 2004). New Views
Agricultural extension is changing the world, and now there is a large emphasis on the mechanisms of community-based distribution in order to achieve lasting change. The factors that make teams successful farmers in the spread of information technology and must be analyzed. The mixed method, multi-stage approach was used to obtain data. groups of farmers, goat’s milk (n = 46) and farmers (n = 88) were interviewed. The factors associated with successful participation of members of the group included in the spread, the degree of jealousy in the group, homogeneity of members, the group of capacity, the number of connections and the type of group (Project funded versus non-compatible.) Some interventions that may increase the success of the groups also diffusion capacity, increasing links with stakeholders another extension, providing an environment to form groups with established groups (as opposed to the formation of new groups) and promotion to form groups around common interests rather than for other reasons. (Davis et al, 2004). Some methods are documented in this direction (Wani, 2008).