Summary
A mixed technology package consists of consciousness on the production of total farm income is necessary. Our agriculture is a compound consisting of crops, fruits, animals, fish and production-related systems. We need a bundle of technology and not a commodity to the end of the investigation. Then a total change and reform in the national Agricultural Research (NARS) is required to be as favorable to farmers. The name can NFR and ES, i. National Farm and research and extension system or simply to research Indian farmers and Business Management System. Introduction
The future of agricultural extension education lies in its promotion through research, methodology and mechanization refineness people linked. The disciplines of education should return to the area, including screening methods, research techniques, skills, economic analysis and social history. An attempt to characterize the barrier in the transfer of technology for basic agricultural systems need reform in extension education in India and Asia. A detailed model of reform in the form of broad-based agricultural extension has been reported (Wani, 1992). The brochure describes a model approach to the districts of Kashmir Valley. With the establishment of Samet in SKUAST-K, as an autonomous institution, a series of documents to improve productivity in agriculture and harvests all fruits and livestock were obtained. (Wani, 2008 b). Based on these reviews and documents, this document is the fourth in the series, reviewing the spread of technology, impact and productivity changes. It concludes with a model of reform Extension Education – a vision. Farmers Perception
We conducted a study to examine the perception of cotton producers (n = 210) Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India, with respect to the attributes of integrated management (IPM) technologies. Most cotton growers in the area felt that the original cost of IPM technologies is high, and IPM technologies for the poor and irregular net income, but may be beneficial in the long term. In addition, farmers stated that IPM technologies are not feasible given the situation in the district, is not culturally acceptable, it is necessary not socially recognized, have more complexity and the complexity of scarce cognitive resources, reversible, and consume more work. On the feasibility of IPM technologies, respondents believe that technology can be easily proven and tested, and I am sure that the point of origin. It is suggested that success of IPM technologies depends upon understanding of the farmers, the focus of the community the opportunity and availability of inputs. (Nasantha and Buchareddy, 2006). Eco-Friendly Technology
This study was conducted to analyze the constraints faced by farmers (n = 245) in the use of environmentally friendly technologies in the cultivation of rice in Andhra Pradesh, India. The ineffectiveness of the recommended dose of spray solutions (51. 42%), and the difficulty to maintain the recommended depth of water after transplantation (23. 26%) were the main problems perceived by farmers. Based on the results, 55. 51% of the farmers suggested that adequate training should be conducted on management practices to enhance the skills of farmers, and 32. 24% of farmers said that the events should be done in agricultural fields, for the effective adoption of environmentally friendly technologies in rice (Reddy et al, 2006).
The study was conducted to analyze the environmental technologies for rice cultivation, exploitation of renewable resources for the control to the level of pollution and recycle waste consideredable. Data were collected from 245 farmers in three regions of Andhra Pradesh, India. it is suggested that extension agents should focus on important tips i. e. , Leading the required number of training programs to improve the skills of producers of rice in different management practices. Running multiple number of demonstration on the effectiveness of environmentally friendly technologies in the field, rather than mere publicity. Extension should be strengthened so that both the demand and market-oriented management. Views of experts should be increased to region of the field test of the farmers and the body block for a better understanding and diagnosis of field problems. (Reddy et al 2005).
This study was conducted to analyze the attitude of the Rice Growers (N = 245) in Andhra Pradesh, India, about environmentally friendly technologies. The results showed a favorable attitude of farmers towards environment-friendly technologies. The results indicate the need for the extension agency to train and educate farmers about the benefits of adopting environmentally sound technologies to reduce environmental pollution, to obtain products of high quality and sustainable yield (Reddy et al, 2006). Technology gaps
The study was conducted in Junagadh and Rajkot-Junagadh 2-subdivision of the division, where the National Watershed Development has been done to discover the magnitude of the gap in the adoption of technologies for soil conservation and water factors responsible. The results revealed that the technological gap was greater, by adopting ponds filtration tank farm cum-strip cultivation and fertilizer to farmers’ practices beneficiaries (BFS). But farmers are not beneficiaries (MNB), the technology gap was greater in the practice of contour farming, contour bunding with vegetative barriers, reforestation, recharging of tube wells and well, deep plowing and classification construction of embankments, besides the three previous practices cited by BFS. The study clearly indicates that the gap in NBF was significantly higher with an average difference of 24. 57% compared to BFS. It is also noted that the variables, namely the size of the land use, social participation, employment status, opinion leadership, participation in extension, guidance cosmopolitan value of local knowledge and attitudes were significantly correlated with technological gap (Popat et al 2006). Farmers’ decision-making process
This study was undertaken to analyze the direct and indirect influences of independent variables, with the other selected to analyze the relative influence of the other dependent variable, i. e. , Process Innovation differential rice technology environmentally friendly decision. Data were collected from 245 farmers in Andhra Pradesh, India, and analyzed with the path coefficient. The diagram shows clearly the way that social participation variables, farm size and participation of extension have been variables. This could be due to the fact that many variables have been channeling their indirect effects on decision making substantial technology innovation gap organic rice through them. exposure variables for electronic media and cosmopolitanism showed significant direct benefits. In addition, most of the direct negative effects have been shown by fatalism and religious beliefs (Reddy et al, 2006). cost sharing for farmers – Nigeria Model
Provide adequate and stable funding for agricultural extension services in Nigeria is a big problem since the expiry of the contract of World Bank funding. To resolve this problem, the cost-sharing of agricultural technology delivery is seen as a plausible option privatization policy. Taking into account the fact that the transfer of agricultural technology in Nigeria has been mainly financed by public funds, the introduction of a sharing agreement is scheduled to meet with some obstacles. Therefore, this study assesses the perceptions of farmers and extension agents on the limitations and cost-effective strategies for the delivery of agricultural technology exchange in Nigeria. This study was conducted in six geopolitical zones of Nigeria. Multistage random sampling technique was applied in the selection of respondents. A sample of 267 farmers and 272 of the Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) staff participated in the study. The means, standard deviation, exploratory factor analysis and statistical tests were used in achieving the objectives. The results show that the major constraints to effective participation in the costs of extension services in Nigeria are weak institutional development fell extension system, lack of cooperation from farmers, the uncertainties experienced in agriculture, and conflicts corruption. The main strategies for the effective delivery of cost-sharing include building political support for the sharing of costs, creation of farmer cooperatives to serve as a way to collect payments, allowing the creation of standards for allocation of costs and increase the number of extension agents. The study recommends the proper dissemination of information on cost sharing prior to deployment, the creation of relevant legislation, the decentralization of the extension system and increase the capacity of extension staff (kukwuone et al, 2006). We use this model in Nigeria. Farmers level of knowledge
The study was conducted to determine the level of knowledge of farmers regarding the main aspects of the technology of production of pearl millet in dry land agriculture. Data were collected by administering a questionnaire to 120 farmers in Sirsa district, Haryana, India. The results showed that 54. 17% of farmers in possession of knowledge of the Whereas the average of 26. 67 and 19. 16% have a low knowledge and low, respectively. Regarding the level of the aspects of rational knowledge of production technology, 75% of farmers have a good knowledge in the preparatory work, 78% had low levels knoeledge of improved varieties, 90% of farmers were low level of knowledge in seed treatment and 68% had a level of knowledge about the density of planting. By date of sowing and application of chicken manure, 82% and 70% of the farmers had high level of knowledge and media, respectively. Farmers have low level of knowledge in the application of chemical fertilizers by 48%. In the mechanical weed control, 85% had high level of expertise and 82% had low knowledge about weed control. Plant Protection Measures, 50. 83 and 70% of farmers have little knowledge of insect and disease control, respectively (Chander et al, 2006). Farmers Field Schools
The Field School (FFS) is gaining importance as an extension approach, but its usefulness to influence farmers to understand and spread of new technologies remains a persistent problem in the minds of many professionals in the SBB. This study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of the strategy for acquiring knowledge, adoption and dissemination of soil management and crop (CM & S) technology among small farmers in Kenya. Eight technologies rose out using the conventional approach and mode of extension. A survey with an ex-post facto with a random sample frame consists of 940 farmers. A sample of 60 graduates and 60 non-FFS SBB (NFFS) farmers were selected for the study. There was a significant difference in S & CM learning technologies by the FFS, compared with NFFS farmers. Approximately 50% of the farmers of the ECA has acquired the high level of knowledge of all eight broadcast technologies, while the majority (80%) of farmers NFFS had purchased less than 50% of knowledge itself. About 45% of FFS farmers adopted the technology components of 50%, while only 17% of farmers had adopted NFFS the same percentage of technology components. FFS participants were significantly (p. 05) spread better than the S & CM technologies to traditional farmers of the ECA. It is recommended that all stakeholders in agricultural development in Kenya to be aware of the potential effectiveness of the methodology of RCTs in the field of agricultural technology extension and also monitor the application of knowledge acquired in FFS farmer has an impact on its livelihoods. (Bunyatta et al, 2006). Conclusions and Work Plan 2008
Community supported agriculture system should be developed. This plan should include food production, marketing, distribution, quality control and pricing decisions. A transparent system of research, dissemination (extension) profit sector based on prices of agricultural production should be developed. Research and extension must be equal to give the final products to farmers and not the publication of research that can not be transferred to farmers. communication process within an extension system should be informative, analysis and fact gathering exercises. The total change in extension delivery system must begin with curricular changes to comply with the new name “Farm Business Management. You need to incorporate awareness of Agricultural Sciences with emphasis on agro-industry experience, consulting, management risk, data analysis, credit management, marketing, public relations, economics and politics, land management and international agriculture – the public-private partnerships, agricultural cooperatives, rural banks, the management of the agro-industrial, food and services Seed and programs should be added to the mission projects and delivery of agricultural technology system.
school projects of agriculture, awareness of women and impact analysis technology must be funded by ICAR. A broad-based national project, such as agriculture and the use of national resources should be financed, including all directions SAU Extension Education. This should include the sectors of agricultural production, production costs, pricing, service costs, input – output relationship with respect to livestock, fish, agriculture, forestry, sericulture and horticultural products. quality of training in food processing and storage to stimulate the establishment of postgraduate units of food processing. A composite packaging technology, use and cost-effectiveness should be the areas of project operation. Once the basic idea of the reform was conceived by the ICAR logistics could be solved.