Summary
Technology necessary delivery information on the structure of the social system and procedures for adoption. An innovative change to induce the adoption of further discussed. New approaches, empowerment of women, self-help options, the administrative difficulties, issues, problems and prospects were discussed.
making knowledge to why the bonds of crop production, communication, use technology, assessment and the credibility of the information is considered. New private extension modiums, organic farming, the differences in technology, analyzed and identified reforms.
New proposals for the provision of broadcast technology exchange, farmers – and updating of training and knowledge, farmer field schools are designed to increase the use of technology in the platform. The generation of the technology itself is critical. The programming system from top to bottom of the investigation is completely replaced with bottom-up approaches. Even with the launch of innovative projects of ICAR and NIAP, the full participation of researchers, extension workers, farmers and farming system is invisible. Therefore, a complete change in technology generation, adoption and improvement of farmers proposed field. Part of applied research could be conducted and approved in the farmers field researchers. It could be participatory research by scientists, extension educators and farmers. The risks of failure can be covered by crop insurance. A model of farmer field research and scientific-Holland farmer participatory may apply. The delivery mechanism can be simple, transparent and fast. Outreach and Extension educators could be trained in the field to carry out their functions in a wide area. Introduction
We can not forget our challenges. The man in agriculture has always faced and was successful. The man 30,000 years ago hunter animal feed 6 million people around the world. primitive agriculture 3000 years later helped him to feed 60 million people. Intensive farming 300 years ago, 600 million fed belly. Today, chemical farming and industrial agriculture feed 6 million people. We expect our fourth paradigm shift made mixture of modernization with sustainability is the food fed twice a day, if we move now to precision agriculture and intelligent, as they appear in these and other documents (Wani, 2008 the b, c). This could be achieved by establishing and facilitating total of farmer empowerment. This would include experiential learning farmer, peasant farmer exchanges, the thrust of knowledge, research methods, interaction. This means that the farmer field schools, technological development and the participatory involvement total mass of research and training for the advancement of agriculture. This will require a change in the extension reforms paradies Science. This will mean a community-supported agricultural extension system. We need a transparent democratic system, economic system, the dissemination of knowledge. This could be called as “Farm Business Management or system risk.
A shift toward the integration of crops, fruits, livestock, we need water conservation and climate change on agricultural extension projects, missions and programs. (Wani, 2007). Understanding motivation for adopting low
The adoption of the technology of rice farmers in the district of Maharastra Ratngiri was influenced by family size, employment, social participation, media exposure, income and length of contact. Only 12. 6% of farmers in the community SC is equipped with high technology has Ness (MANKAR et al, 2004)
The adoption of a technology needs of communication, decision-making power and knowledge of risk guarantees. Fungi, helped women farmers to earn a living independently interviewed in Coimbatore in Tamil Nadu, Priya districts showed a strong awareness of women and the training has been useful. (Syatha and Palarisway, 2006). fungi have helped women and young men have paid work. (Proc EECM 21, SKUAST, K 2007).
Data were collected from 100 farmers in Maharashtra, India, through personal interviews with a time of the interview. It was found that farmers with half the education of middle socioeconomic status, the information gained by progressive farmers. 50% of farmers have adopted drip irrigation was the average level of adoption of best practices, 25% of respondents had low level of adoption and 19% had high level of adoption. (Katka and Ahive, 2006)
The impact assessment showed that about 55% of the producers of cauliflower adopted vermi-compost taken in the towns and surrounding areas. (Singh et al, 2005)
The study was performed to identify the constraints faced by farmers (n = 120), adopting the recommended pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) production technology in agriculture in the lands of Sirsa District, Haryana, India. Farmers were asked to rate the difficulty of producing very serious and less serious. Fungicides were found to cost constraints, such as high herbicides and other pesticides, and lack of irrigation, have been very serious. (Chander et al, 2006). Knowledge of the limitations of crop production
A study to assess the constraints encountered by farmers in practical technology of production of wheat, and get information and suggestions to minimize or eliminate the restrictions. Data were collected by administering a pre-test questionnaire to 320 farmers in Uttar Pradesh, India in 2001-02, based on the study. If the constraints in implementing the technologies of production of wheat: lack of time to organize financing of inputs, lack of knowledge about the latest technologies, the availability of technologies that are expensive and require multiple inputs and lack proper marketing facilities. Farmers (84%) gave a proof of that minimizes the restrictions, 79% of the producers suggested that the delay in planting varieties resistant to drought and blight of wheat, and 80% of them favor the strengthening of cooperative structures. (Prasad et al, 2006)
A study in J & K in maize production revealed that 82% of farmers knowledge of technology through the radio and 62% through television. Most 70% of corn producers had an average level of consciousness. (Lakshimikant et al 2005)
Yard Manure use was limited to 27% of farmers among corn producers J & K State. Best practices for fertilizer has been adopted by 19% (nitrogen) 24% (phosphorus)% 2% (potassium chloride). In these circumstances, low levels of rainfed maize production may increase if sound practices are employed. (Lakshamikant and Chandagri, 2005). A low level of FYM use is the reason for the low production of saffron, rice and fruit. (Wani, 2008). In 3000 the first-line demonstration in years past years, implementation of the recommendation of the production, maize production is doubled (4. T/h-1 3 vs 2. T/h-1 1) (2008 Wani d) (Nehvi, et al, 2007). communication links with scientists
A study was conducted to determine the communication channels and methods used by scientists to establish links with extension staff. Data were collected from 102 scientists in four districts of Karnataka, India. It was found that almost all scientists working in different centers used to connect the phone with the extension staff. The regularity of use depending on your needs. The professors, associate professors and assistant professors had used regularly to provide information in writing to any extension. There were also fewer teachers participated in workshops, meetings, courses, exhibitions, field visits, interactions between farmers and scientists and demonstrations of the results, compared to associate professor and assistant (Chandragi and Gupta, 2005). The low percentage of professors, associate director and other researchers with farmers is responsible for the knowledge gap. An appropriate reward system AA / SNIA must be integrated to give due credit to the teachers / Associates and Asstt. Prof. innovations Extension (Wani, 2004).
A study was conducted in four districts of northern Karnataka (Dharwad, Belgaum, Gulbarga and Bellary), India, to determine the performance of scientists (n = 102) in liaison with the extension staff. To measure the performance of scientists, a scale was developed following a standardized procedure. The results showed that most teachers (85. 71%), carers (82. 25%) and teachers (69. 23%) belonged to the category of average yield in relation to the extension staff. Moreover, teachers were observed to be in charge of research projects. assistant professors and often participated in these field days, demonstrations and other activities (Gupta and Chandargri, 2005).
He noted that the extension system for delivery in J & K is largely Assistant or associate professor and faculty. This is very important that the participation of teachers in graduate education and less than minimum length. The role of research is even decimal. A policy change is therefore necessary to stimulate research, extension and education of agricultural scientists of high level. Perhaps the farmers field work could be a possibility now that we have crop insurance in vogue. (Wani, 2007). field results from the use of technology
This study was conducted in the district of Belgaum in northern Karnataka, India, in 2004 to assess the adoption of production technologies and post-harvest tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and identify the problems encountered by farmers (n = 120) technology adoption. Most farmers grow hybrid tomatoes planted in June-July, followed by 75-100 g / ha, planting density, spacing of 60×40 cm adopted and applied manure 50-10 tonnes per hectare. Most (86. 66%) of respondents use the 5% neem seed kernel extract and fruit borer 58. 33% of farmers use a blend of Bordeaux for fruit rot. With regard to post-harvest technology, 66. 67% of respondents sorted manually, 46. 67%, followed by manual sorting and none of the respondents had taken the tomato processing. The lack of technical knowledge and guidance on farming practices and improved post-harvest technology, strong fluctuations in market prices and high transportation costs were the main problems faced by farmers through the adoption of production technology and post (Kumar et al, 2006) 64
The media and visual media have helped livestock and related activities through scientific interaction among farmers, northern West Bengal pargnas -24 (Roy et al, 2006). A study was conducted to determine the level of knowledge of dairy farmers regarding farming practices selected for profitable milk production. Data were collected through a questionnaire administered to 100 dairy farmers in the district of Nadia, West Bengal, India. The results showed that the majority of dairy farmers had high level of knowledge about artificial insemination, the average knowledge deworming and other agricultural practices, and the low level of knowledge about the feeding of green fodder. He suggested that the results of this study can be used in the formulation, planning and implementation of technology transfer that promotes the use of scientific method in the production of dairy products (Islam et al, 2006)
Farmers have not adopted best practices of fertilizer, the price of seed per hectare and spacing, while none of them used all to control pests and plant diseases. It is suggested that extension agents should take part in the outreach activities of different and popular king praised the practice of growing wheat grain in areas to increase production of wheat and, consequently, the total agricultural production ( Waman and Ahir, 2006).
Determinants of dairy extension system perceived by the Directors of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, head of veterinary services, general managers, general managers and executives responsible for the dissemination of information were studied. The study was conducted in 25 states. The total number of determinants selected for the study were seven. Among them, the “easy availability of adequate financing to support the recovery program of the rural poor and the resources and income generation vulnerable sector of the rural population were in high demand. However,” training, upgrading skills and projects to provide self-employment and wages among the rural poor and increase production and productivity of milk and “dairy products are less necessary milk shared learning system extension. (Ram and Suman, 2005).
There was a study on social capital to accelerate the dissemination of agricultural technologies such as integrated pest management (IPM). The study was conducted in a village of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines, in response to the problem of slow diffusion of agricultural technologies. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used in investigating the process of sharing and learning from IPM. The results show that social capital in terms of kinship networks and proximity to the territory that was among the neighbors of the farm are essential in the learning process and, therefore, the diffusion of IPM among Filipino farmers. kinship networks and business location are important considerations in snapling (Logan, 2004) strategic participating schools of agriculture for the long field season IPM (FFS). (Palis et al, 2005) Technology Assessment
Technology Assessment recommended that water management was carried out after his documentation of the different organizations involved in water management in two states in eastern India, viz. Orissa and West Bengal. The perception of the 30 members of the research system on the viability of these technologies made it clear that in 86 documented recommended water management technologies, 40 with scores of 4 viability. 0. Eight technologies with a score of 3. 0 and the rest of the 38 technologies with a score of 3. 0 and 4. 0 in a continuous range of feasibility from 1. 0 (not possible) 5. 0 (very handy). Of the 40 technologies recommended (already rated as highly feasible by the research staff), the extension staff have received 16 and 10 technologies as highly desirable and feasible, respectively. While six four technologies were found to be less desirable and feasible (Souvik et al, 2005). The difference in the extent of the perception of corrective action research need to link research to farmers’ fields, or allow KVK foster research into districts. Remodeling extension – research necessary connection.
This study was conducted to test the effectiveness of different media to transfer cotton production technology in the cotton producers (n = 120) selected from four villages in the district of Hisar, Haryana, India, 1999. Farmers have been trained in the technology of cotton production with four media is chosen, more discussion in class, printed materials, more dialogue, discussion, audio and video over debate. The study revealed that maximum farmers in the foreground (18. 67%) when the best technology for the production of cotton was communicated through images, more dialogue and lessons learned from a minimum of discussion in the majority (9 . 47%). In the study, as well as images of the discussion was more effective, followed by printed materials in more than debate, discussion, audio aids and methods of teaching reading of discussion. (Kumar et al, 2005). Farm Information Credibility
The study aims to verify the credibility of the sources of information about the company, as perceived by the viewer and the viewer non-farmers living in the penetration rate of Doordarshan Kendra Muzaffarpur of Bihar state, India. A sample of 120 spectators and 80 farmers were randomly viewer is not drawn from eight villages under the jurisdiction of the same screen and data were collected through a program of pre-test interview. The results suggest that the demonstration, progressive farmers, agricultural scientists, television and workers at the village level have been recognized as the most credible source of agricultural information among farmers televiwer. Progressive farmers, demonstration, friends, relatives and agricultural scientists have been regarded as credible sources of information among groups of viewer-farm agriculture. The study also showed that viewers perceive as the fourth most credible source, while the audience does not consider the sixth most credible source of agricultural information. The implications of the results are also discussed in an effective communication strategy for the transfer of technology (Ansari and Singh, 2005).
A study was conducted to (a) to examine the personal, social, economic and psychological fig (Ficus carica) producers, (b) identify the sources of information used by producers of figs, and (iii) suggestions for responding to overcome problems. Data were collected through interviews with 200 farmers in 20 villages in the figure of Pune District, Maharashtra, India, in January 2005. The results showed that most producers of fresh middle age and are educated up to grade 10. Most of them are family businesses with an average level of experience in the form of cultivation. All participants suggested that more information is needed on the effectiveness and efficiency of marketing and credit. They also recognized the need for information on prices during the harvest, the subsidy for drip irrigation and the use of low-cost technology for figs processing and cold storage (and Khalache Khair, 2007). Farmer training needs
This study was undertaken to: (i) examine the characteristics of rice farmers, (ii) assess the level of knowledge of rice farmers in regard to integrated management practices of rice cultivation, and (iii) explore the relationship between the characteristics of rice farmers and their level of knowledge. Data were collected from 120 rice farmers in Maharashtra, India. The study results showed that the respondents have an average level of knowledge about the different practices of integrated management. Therefore, farmers need to be aware of the availability and benefits of integrated management practices through television, radio, newspapers and the extent of the literature. It is suggested that training programs can be organized for farmers on the scientific use of fertilizers, plant protection measures through biological monitoring and water management (Ahir and Kiran, 2007). A detailed training reform have been reported (Wani, 2003). Private Extension
A study was conducted to determine the types of appropriate agricultural development services for privatization as perceived by scientists in the agricultural sector (n = 15) and Mesa (n = 20) of the department of agriculture and horticulture in Andhra Pradesh India. Most scientists prefer the privatization of agricultural technology: analysis of soil, irrigation water analysis, providing information on techniques to add value and production of goods for export and supply of herbicides, transport infrastructure, the lending cooperative banks, farmers’ association, the distribution of company literature and milk production services. Moreover, officials of the department of agriculture and horticulture also recognized the need for private services, technology services: providing information on growth regulators, plant protection measures MIP, supply of fertilizers, pesticides and fertilizers, the supply of agricultural tools and other equipment, transportation, and conducting site visits / tours and dairy products (Reddy and Kumar 2006).